Hunhu hwechromium
Chromium, chiratidzo chechinhu Cr, atomu nhamba 24, huwandu hweatomu hunosvika 51.996, ndeyechikamu chesimbi chinoshanduka cheboka reVIB retafura yeperiodic yezvinhu zvemakemikari. Chromium metal ikristaro ye cubic iri pakati pemuviri, chena-sirivha, density 7.1g/cm³, melting point 1860℃, boiling point 2680℃, specific heat capacity pa25℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), kupisa kwevapori 342.1kJ/mol, thermal conductivity 91.3 W/(m·K) (0-100°C), resistivity (20°C) 13.2uΩ·cm, ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika.
Kune ma valence mashanu e chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 uye +6. Pasi pemamiriro ekushanda kwe endogenous, chromium inowanzova +3 valence. Makomponi ane +trivalent chromium ndiwo akanyanya kugadzikana. +Sixvalent chromium compounds, kusanganisira chromium salts, ane simba rakasimba re oxidizing. Iyo ionic radii yeCr3+, AI3+ uye Fe3+ yakafanana, saka inogona kuva nemhando dzakasiyana dzekufanana. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvinogona kutsiviwa ne chromium i manganese, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, nezvimwewo, saka chromium inopararira zvakanyanya mu magnesium iron silicate minerals uye accessories minerals.
Kushandiswa
Chromium ndeimwe yesimbi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemazuva ano. Inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira simbi dzisina ngura nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana dzesimbi muchimiro cheferroalloys (senge ferrochrome). Chromium ine hunhu hwekuti yakasimba, haiparare, haipisi uye haiparare ngura. Chromium ore inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yesimbi, zvinhu zvinoramba kusimba, indasitiri yemakemikari uye maindasitiri ekugadzira zvinhu.
Muindasitiri yesimbi, chromium ore inonyanya kushandiswa kunyungudutsa ferrochrome ne chromium yesimbi. Chromium inoshandiswa sechinowedzerwa chesimbi kugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzakasimba, dzinotsungirira ngura, dzinotsungirira kupera, dzinopisa zvakanyanya, uye dzinodzivirira oxidation, dzakadai sesimbi isingatsvedzeri, simbi inodzivirira acid, simbi inodzivirira kupisa, simbi ine bhora, simbi yechitubu, simbi yezvishandiso, nezvimwewo. Chromium inogona kuwedzera hunhu hwemakanika uye kuramba kupera kwesimbi. Chromium yesimbi inonyanya kushandiswa kunyungudutsa alloys dzakakosha dzine cobalt, nickel, tungsten nezvimwe zvinhu. Kuisa chrome uye chromizing zvinogona kuita kuti simbi, mhangura, aruminiyamu nedzimwe simbi zvigadzire nzvimbo inodzivirira kupera, inopenya uye yakanaka.
Muindasitiri yekuramba, chromium ore chinhu chakakosha chinoshandiswa kugadzira zvidhinha zvechrome, zvidhinha zvechrome magnesia, zvinoramba zvemhando yepamusoro nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoramba (chrome concrete). Zvinoramba zveChromium zvinosanganisira zvidhinha zvine chrome ore ne magnesia, sintered magnesia-chrome clinker, molten magnesia-chrome bricks, molten magnesia-chrome bricks, molten magnesia-chrome bricks, finely ground and then bonded magnesia-chrome bricks. Zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu open hearth fire ovens, induction furnaces, etc. Metallurgical converter uye rotary furnace lining yeindasitiri yesimende, nezvimwewo.
Muindasitiri yekugadzira simbi, chromium ore haishande nezvimwe zvinhu zviri musimbi yakanyungudutswa panguva yekudurura, ine thermal expansion coefficient yakaderera, inodzivirira kupinda kwesimbi, uye ine performance iri nani yekutonhora kupfuura zircon. Chrome ore yekugadzira simbi ine zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pakuumbwa kwemakemikari uye kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvidimbu.
Muindasitiri yemakemikari, kushandiswa kwakananga kwechromium kugadzira sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O) solution, uye kugadzira mamwe ma chromium compounds ekushandisa mumaindasitiri akadai se pigments, textile, electroplating, uye dehwe rekugadzira, pamwe chete nema catalysts.
Upfu hwe chromium ore hwakakuyiwa zvakanaka hunoshandiswa mukugadzira magirazi, ceramics uye mataira ane glazed. Kana sodium dichromate ikashandiswa kuparadza dehwe, puroteni (collagen) nema carbohydrate ari mudehwe rekutanga zvinosangana nemakemikari kuti zvigadzire complex yakagadzikana, iyo inova hwaro hwezvigadzirwa zvedehwe. Muindasitiri yemachira, sodium dichromate inoshandiswa sechinhu chinonyungudutsa mukudhaya machira, iyo inogona kubatanidza mamorekuru edhayi kumakemikari eorganic; inogona zvakare kushandiswa se oxidant mukugadzira madhayi nezvimwe zvinhu zvepakati.
Chromium chicherwa
Kune mhando dzinopfuura makumi mashanu dzezvicherwa zvine chromium dzakawanikwa muchisikigo, asi zhinji dzacho dzine chromium shoma uye kupararira kwakapararira, izvo zvine kukosha kushoma kwekushandiswa mumaindasitiri. Zvicherwa izvi zvine chromium ndezvema oxides, chromates uye silicates, kuwedzera kune ma hydroxides, iodates, nitrides uye sulfides mashoma. Pakati pazvo, chromium nitride uye chromium sulfide minerals zvinowanikwa muma meteorites chete.
Semhando yezvicherwa iri mumhuri yechromium ore subfamily, chromite ndiyo chete chicherwa chakakosha che chromium muindasitiri. Fomura yemakemikari yedzidziso ndeye (MgFe)Cr2O4, umo Cr2O3 iri mu68%, uye FeO inokwana 32%. Mukugadzirwa kwayo kwemakemikari, trivalent cation inonyanya kuve Cr3+, uye kazhinji kune Al3+, Fe3+ uye Mg2+, Fe2+ isomorphic substitutions. Mu chromite chaiyo inogadzirwa, chikamu cheFe2+ chinowanzotsiviwa neMg2+, uye Cr3+ inotsiviwa neAl3+ naFe3+ kusvika padanho rakasiyana. Dhigirii rakazara re isomorphic substitution pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zve chromite harina kufanana. Ma cations mana-order coordinate anonyanya kuve magnesium ne iron, uye substitution yakazara ye isomorphic pakati pe magnesium-iron. Zvichienderana nenzira yekuparadzanisa ina, chromite inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka mana: magnesium chromite, iron-magnesium chromite, mafic-iron chromite uye iron-chromite. Pamusoro pezvo, chromite inowanzova nehuwandu hushoma hwemanganese, Musanganiswa wetitanium, vanadium uye zinc wakafanana. Maumbirwo echromite ndeemhando yakajairika yespinel.
4. Mwero wemhando yepamusoro we chromium concentrate
Zvichienderana nenzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa (mineralization uye natural ore), chromium ore yesimbi yakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: concentrate (G) uye bump ore (K). Ona tafura iri pazasi.
Zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro zve chromite ore yesimbi
Tekinoroji yekuvandudza matombo eChrome
1) Kusarudzwazve
Parizvino, kupatsanurwa kwegiravhiti kune chinzvimbo chakakosha mukunatswa kwechromium ore. Nzira yekupatsanurwa kwegiravhiti, iyo inoshandisa kupatsanurwa kwemafuta mumvura ine mvura senzira yekutanga, ichiri nzira huru yekuwedzera chromium ore pasi rese. Midziyo yekupatsanurwa kwegiravhiti imuchina we spiral chute uye centrifugal concentrator, uye huwandu hwehukuru hwezvikamu zvekugadzirisa hwakafara. Kazhinji, musiyano wehuwandu pakati pemaminerari echromium nemaminerari egangue wakakura kupfuura 0.8g/cm3, uye kupatsanurwa kwegiravhiti kwechero saizi yezvikamu zvinopfuura 100um kunogona kugutsa. mhedzisiro ye. Mapundu akaomarara (100 ~ 0.5mm) ore anorongwa kana kusarudzwa kare ne heavy-medium beneficiation, inova nzira yekubatsira inodhura zvikuru.
2) Kupatsanurwa kwemagineti
Kupatsanurana kwemagineti inzira yekubatsira iyo inoita kuti zvicherwa zviparadzaniswe mumunda wemagineti usingafananidzwe zvichibva pamusiyano wemagineti wemagineti ari muore. Chromite ine simba remagineti uye inogona kupatsanurwa nemaseparator emagineti akamira akareba, maseparator emagineti emvura yakanyorova nezvimwe zvishandiso. Magineti chaiwo e magnetic susceptibility emaminerals echromium anogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogadzira chromium ore pasi rose haana kusiyana zvakanyanya, uye akafanana nemagineti chaiwo e magnetic susceptibility emagineti ewolframite newolframite anogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Pane mamiriro maviri ekushandisa kupatsanurwa kwemagineti kuti uwane chromium concentrate yepamusoro: imwe ndeyekubvisa zvicherwa zvine simba zvemagineti (zvikuru magnetite) muore pasi pesimba remagineti risina simba kuti uwedzere chiyero cheferrochrome, uye imwe ndeyekushandisa simba remagineti rakasimba. Kupatsanurwa kwezvicherwa zvegangue uye kudzoreredzwa kwechromium ore (zvicherwa zvine simba zvemagineti).
3) Kusarudzwa kwemagetsi
Kupatsanurana kwemagetsi inzira yekuparadzanisa chromium ore ne silicate gangue minerals uchishandisa hunhu hwemagetsi hweminerals, dzakadai sekusiyana kwe conductivity uye dielectric constant.
4) Kuyangarara
Mukuita kwekupatsanurwa kwegiravhiti, chromite ore ine grained grained (-100um) inowanzo rasirwa se tailings, asi chromite yehukuru uhwu ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya, saka nzira yekutsvedza inogona kushandiswa kune low-grade fine Granular chromite ore inodzoserwa. Kutsvedza kwechromium ore ine 20% ~40% Cr2O3 mu tailings uye serpentine, olivine, rutile uye calcium magnesium carbonate minerals se gangue minerals. Ore inotsvedzwa zvakanaka kusvika 200μm, water glass, phosphate, metaphosphate, fluorosilicate, nezvimwewo zvinoshandiswa kuparadzira nekudzivirira sludge, uye unsaturated fatty acid inoshandiswa se collector. Kupararira nekudzvinyirirwa kwegangue sludge kwakakosha zvikuru kune flotation process. Maion esimbi akadai se iron ne lead anogona kumutsa chromite. Kana pH ye slurry iri pasi pe6, chromite haizombofa yakayangarara. Muchidimbu, kushandiswa kwe reagent yekuyerera kwakawanda, giredhi re concentrate harina kugadzikana, uye mwero wekudzoreredza wakaderera. Ca2+ neMg2+ zvakanyungudutswa kubva mumaminerari egangue zvinoderedza kusarudza kwemaitiro ekuyerera.
5) Kubatsira kwemakemikari
Nzira yemakemikari ndeyekurapa zvakananga mamwe maore echromite asingakwanise kupatsanurwa nenzira yepanyama kana kuti mutengo wenzira yepanyama wakakwira. Chiyero cheCr/Fe checoncentrate chinogadzirwa nenzira yemakemikari chakakwira kupfuura chenzira yakajairika yepanyama. Nzira dzemakemikari dzinosanganisira: kusunungura kwekusarudza, kuderedza oxidation, kupatsanurwa kwekunyunguduka, kusunungura sulfuric acid nechromic acid, kuderedza uye kusunungura sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. Kusanganiswa kwenzira dzemakemikari uye kurapwa zvakananga kwechromium ore nenzira dzemakemikari ndeimwe yenzira huru dzekuvandudza chromite nhasi. Nzira dzemakemikari dzinogona kuburitsa chromium zvakananga kubva muore uye kugadzira chromium carbide nechromium oxide.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-30-2021